Robbing the Soil, 2: ‘Systematic theft of communal property’
By Ian Angus, Climate and Capitalism
The radical changes known to history by the innocuous name enclosure peaked in two long waves: during the rise of agrarian capitalism in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, and during the consolidation of agrarian capitalism in the eighteenth and nineteenth.
Robbing the soil, 1: Commons and classes before capitalism
By Ian Angus, Climate and Capitalism
Between the decline of feudalism and the rise of industrial capitalism, rural society was transformed by the complex of processes that are collectively known as enclosure.
Intensive Fishing and the Birth of Capitalism, Part 4
By Ian Angus, Climate & Capitalism
My goal, rather, is to draw attention to an important aspect of early capitalism that has been almost entirely ignored by all of the participants: the development and growth of intensive fishing in the North Sea and northwestern Atlantic Ocean in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries.
Intensive Fishing and the Birth of Capitalism, Part 3
By Ian Angus, Climate and Capitalism
But for the merchants who were the primary promoters, financiers and often warriors on the English side, it was an economic war — if they had read von Clausewitz, they might have said that their war was business conducted by other means.
Intensive Fishing and the Birth of Capitalism, Part 2
By Ian Angus, Climate and Capitalism
While treasure fleets carried silver to Spain, far more ships were carrying men, fish and whale oil across the North Atlantic.
Intensive Fishing and the Birth of Capitalism
By Ian Angus, Climate and Capitalism
An important factor in the rise of the Dutch merchant-industrialist class, scarcely mentioned in many accounts, was the absolute dominance of the Dutch fishing industry in the North Sea.
Facing the Anthropocene: An Update
By Ian Angus, Climate and Capitalism
It may be helpful to outline some important recent developments in Anthropocene science in the two main fields involved: geology, and Earth System science.
Triple Crisis in the Anthropocene Ocean. Part Three: The Heat of 3.6 Billion Atom Bombs
By Ian Angus, Climate and Capitalism
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) projects that even if emissions are substantially reduced, by 2100 the ocean will heat 2 to 4 times as much as it has since 1970 — and if emissions are not cut, it will heat 5 to 7 times as much.