Food & Water featured

The war on farming

July 11, 2023

I’ll be in discussion with Vandana Shiva about ‘The War on Farming’ at an event in London next Tuesday. Come along if you can. Should be an interesting conversation. There’s certainly plenty to talk about, because it does seem to me there’s quite a concerted media effort underway to point the finger at farmers and farming as the culprits for climate change and biodiversity loss.

I’ll write something about the biodiversity side of it another time. Regarding climate, the issue of ruminant methane emissions sucks the air out of more important questions, such as transitioning to low-energy agrarian localism. When people say that stopping farming animals is the “number two or equal number one” priority to leaving fossil fuels in the ground, I think we can probably call it climate science denial. There’s a lot of it around right now.

Much less prominent in the current news chatter are the shocking recent climate change events and indicators (and, for that matter, humanity’s shocking inability not to keep using more fossil fuels year on year). It seems like severe climate effects are kicking in earlier and at lower levels of warming than have generally been expected.

If governments were equal to present challenges they’d declare a proper climate emergency and start taking radical and immediate action to bring down atmospheric greenhouse gas levels. Part of that would doubtless include cutting farmed ruminants in some places. It would have to be done carefully, with a close eye on the local and wider consequences, because these could easily lead to minimal or even negative climate results. The level of understanding around ruminant methane generally shown in public debate doesn’t augur well.

But cutting farmed ruminants is a small piece of the jigsaw. Without also and much more importantly paring fossil fuel use only to what’s critical in the short-term to keep people fed and healthy, it’s a pointless distraction (especially because – why does this still need pointing out? – if you do the latter you inevitably achieve the former, but it doesn’t work the other way around). Done properly, that process of paring would probably mean no more commercial air travel, no more private road travel and a host of other radical changes to consumerist business as usual.

What I’m talking about is the need to build a climate emergency commons. We’re very far from doing that at the moment. The essence of building such a commons is the avoidance of free riding across sectors. If you genuinely want to build it, you don’t point your finger at ruminant farmers while dismissing protestations about flying and other kinds of frivolous emissions as straw manning or whataboutery. At best, that’s politically naïve, but really I think it showcases the complacency and buck-passing of the current climate mitigation narratives that get mainstream exposure. Farmers are just an easy target. The ruminant climate narrative basically gives the appearance of trying to do something, while achieving nothing of importance, and not upsetting anyone of importance. This is an all people, all sectors, all at the same time thing, or it’s nothing.

Given the inability to create a climate emergency commons even this late in the day, I fear we’ve missed the boat and Mother Nature will be prompting a lot of social reorganisation on her own account, in ways that won’t suit many of us. But maybe I’m wrong. If I am, then I’d suggest the work that Gregory Landua is doing is well worth following up. I had an interesting conversation with him on his Regen Network podcast (you can now track the podcasts I’ve done as from now on my new Research and Publications page (I’m still building the historical archive).

I’ve come to think that, unfortunately, small farm societies emerging contingently in some of the margins of a collapsing urban-industrial world system and shining a light to the future is about as good a prospect as we can realistically now hope for. My sense is that Gregory is both less optimistic than me about the prospects for that kind of emergence, but more optimistic than me about the prospects for retooling existing value systems to prevent that rather desperate situation from arising. I hope he’s right. And if he’s wrong, then my next best option is to hope I’m right. Anyway, I very much enjoyed speaking with him. I think we had just the right amount of shared and divergent assumptions to prompt a stimulating conversation.

In other news, for the first time in my life I’ll be voting in a by-election next week – proof perhaps that political shamelessness in the Conservative Party hasn’t quite reached rock bottom, only the sludgy layer just above. A lot of people I know are talking about voting Lib Dem to keep the Tories out. Hmmm, I tried that once – didn’t work. These days I just vote for the party that aligns most closely with what I’d like to see. Which is the Greens, and definitely not Labour.

Time was, I bought into the ‘anything but the Tories’ narrative too and I disliked the ‘they’re all as bad as each other’ one. Well, I wouldn’t say they’re all as bad as each other, but it feels like we’re moving fast into a new epoch when central governments are simply stumbling around like headless giants in their death throes, issuing erratic and pointless directives that risk flattening the little people in their path – ‘Ban cows!’, ‘Plant trees!’, ‘Green growth!’, ‘Go nuclear!’, ‘Stop the boats!’ – while the real stories are unfolding elsewhere. Voting no longer feels very meaningful to me. But then nor does not voting.

Anyway, what with these trips to London, farm work, by-elections and the existential angst I described above, I’m not finding much time to blog about my new book just now. But I hope to correct that soon.

Chris Smaje

Chris Smaje has coworked a small farm in Somerset, southwest England, for the last twenty years. Previously, he was a university-based social scientist, working in the Department of Sociology at the University of Surrey and the Department of Anthropology at Goldsmiths College. Since switching focus to the practice and politics of agroecology, he’s written for publications such as The LandDark MountainPermaculture magazine and Statistics Views, as well as academic journals such as Agroecology and Sustainable Food Systems and the Journal of Consumer Culture. Chris is the author of A Small Farm Future, Saying No to a Farm-Free Future, and Finding Lights in a Dark Age, writes the blog at www.chrissmaje.com, and is a featured author at resilience.org.


Tags: agrarian localism, small farm future

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Robert Beck
Robert Beck
3 years ago

The “ruminate” issue is more nuanced. When people spew out of cities back to the land when the energy transition lands us in a low energy future, I bet we won’t have nearly as many cows as we have now.

I think in the future when we get rid of fossil fuels we’ll be grazing horses on our spare acres, if we have them, instead of raising cows, because we’ll need the labor of animals more than their meat.

Or if you look at Asian countries the majority of the farms are worked by humans by hand and the average farm size is just under one acre for China and not much more in other countries. Grazing ruminates for food is just not done often in this situation. I lived in Japan for four years and rarely saw cows or goats grazing on open acreage.

If your small farm future are farms 5 acres and less on average per family, then I think this talk about cows is mute. At 1 to 2 acres per cow, most families will grow starchy vegetables instead of cows, ie.grains and tubers as the land will yield more calories per acre that way. Even 10 acres is likely not enough if you use horses as they need an acre each. The larger the farm the more horses you need.

Without fossil fueled transport we won’t be as routinely shipping cows raised in the barren lands far from big cities. The cattle drives in America likely were a phenomena of trains taking meat to the distant metropolises.

From

https://energyskeptic.com/2019/replacing-diesel-tractors-with-horses-or-oxen-what-will-that-be-like/
Vaclav Smil. 2017. Energy and Civilization A History. MIT Press.

“In 1910 America had 24.2 million farm horses and mules (and only 1,000 small tractors); in 1918 the draft animal herd peaked at 26.7 million and the number of tractors rose to 85,000. With an average daily need of 4 kg of grain for working animals and 2 kg of concentrate feed for the rest, the annual feed requirements were roughly 30 Mt of oats and corn. With grain yields of about 1.5 t/ha, this would have required planting at least 20 Mha to feed grains. To supply roughage, working horses needed at least 4 kg/day of hay, while the rest could be maintained with about 2.5 kg/day, requiring an annual total of roughly 30 Mt of hay. With average hay yields of about 3 t/ha, at least 10 Mha of hay had to be harvested. Land devoted to horse feed had to be no less than about 30 Mha, compared to around 125 Mha of annually harvested land, which means that America’s farm horse herd (working and nonworking animals) required almost 25% of the country’s cultivated land. The USDA’s (1959) calculation came up with a nearly identical total of 29.1 Mha. “

From

Can China’s Rural Land Policy Reforms Solve its Farmland Dilemma?

https://www.card.iastate.edu/ag_policy_review/article/?a=78#:~:text=Furthermore%2C%20the%20limited%20agricultural%20land,scattered%20in%20several%20separate%20plots.

The scarcity of arable land is a defining feature of Chinese agriculture (Zhang and Li 2018). In 2015, China fed 18.9 percent of the world’s population with only 8.5 percent of the world’s arable land. Furthermore, the limited agricultural land resource in China is distributed to 231 million households, resulting in an average farm size of only 0.96 acres per household (China Agricultural Development Report 2016

James R. Martin
3 years ago

“I’ve come to think that, unfortunately, small farm societies emerging contingently in some of the margins of a collapsing urban-industrial world system and shining a light to the future is about as good a prospect as we can realistically now hope for.”

Several deeply intertwined topics come to mind having read this passage.

The first topic is the matter of voluntary versus involuntary energy descent. My view, of course, is that a significant amount of energy descent is inevitable, as fossil fuels comprise about 84% of the world’s use of technologically produced energy, and fossil fuels are clearly in permanent decline. But we can’t do anything about involuntary energy descent, other than to figure it into any informed plans we may make for the future. Whereas voluntary energy descent is something we can — theoretically or hypothetically — embrace in an effort to try and avert very worst climate and ecology scenarios.

Anyone reading the comments here in Resilience over a period of years will know that a great many among the commentators here severely doubt that humanity will or can choose voluntary energy descent, as that would be tantamount to voluntary or deliberate economic contraction, and we know how popular deliberate economic contraction is! (Or do we?)

The next major topic is that of the inevitability of the shrinking down (globally) of what I call “the luxury economy” which I think is unavoidable with energy descent, be it voluntary or involuntary. Energy descent — voluntary, involuntary or hybrid — will shrink the portion of any economy which is luxury-oriented. https://www.resilience.org/stories/2022-10-31/energy-transition-the-luxury-economy/ This results in fewer jobs being available, and thus unemployment … and will likely lead to mass homelessness, hunger and social chaos (social collapse) if people do not have access to livelihood in a very low energy economy, such as “small farm societies” which ought to emerge in the cracks with unfolding economic collapse.

I’m going to put it very plain. The world’s luxury-based economy is presently on its last legs, and will be progressively failing as each decade passes, and probably far more swiftly than that — as in the time to prepare for its collapse has utterly and fully arrived. This is so whether our energy descent is voluntary or involuntary. (See the Wikipedia article on energy descent, which, for the most part, I wrote myself in a heavy edit years ago.)

The luxury-based, luxury-dependent current economy is about to fall apart, leaving vast numbers destitute and without access to livelihood, whether or not humanity embraces a voluntary (proactive) energy descent or heedlessly has nature herself impose energy descent. Many millions will simply require access to livelihood which at least roughly consists mainly of self-provisioning (within communities, as community self-provisioning) of basic needs like food and shelter.

But this shift is likely to be much, much more abrupt than we’re prepared for, or even can prepare for. So this is the time of preparation — of, ideally, building as close to a viable bridge to the future low energy economy as can be built ahead of its dire necessity. It will be abrupt for a combination (hybrid) of reasons having to do with some voluntary energy descent combined with involuntary energy descent. But its crucial that we understand that energy descent and economic descent are deeply intertwined. You can’t have energy descent without economic descent, despite the nonsense pronouncements of the techno-optimists and ecomodernists.

So what is my point?

Though no one — almost no one (I’m nearly a lone voice in the wilderness here) — is talking about it, yet, we have a difficult collective crossing to make. We need a bridge, as soon as it can possibly be constructed, to a world in which the soon-to-be-displaced will have access to basic livelihood. And this means moving a lot of urban people out of cities and having them labor at preparing the depleted soil of industrial farmland for post-industrial local agrarianism.

If we do not build this bridge before collapse reaches a crescendo, there will be far more violence and social chaos in the future than any of us would find tolerable.

You’d think it would be possible for such a conversation to emerge in our world, but it’s just not. Not yet.

“I’ve come to think that, unfortunately, small farm societies emerging contingently in some of the margins of a collapsing urban-industrial world system and shining a light to the future is about as good a prospect as we can realistically now hope for.”

I’m saying that this which seems most realistic is far, far from adequate, and is extremely dangerous. We can’t just hope that everything just “naturally” works out this way. It won’t. It can’t. I’m saying we need to be proactive and deliberate about making a demographic shift from hyper-urbanism to a lot more rural villages, or we’re doomed to social collapse of the worst imaginable kind.