Energy Return on Investment

War has become a fever that world leaders cannot seem to break. As militarism spreads, its costs extend far beyond the battlefield, accelerating climate change while consuming the resources needed to confront it.

Under Gustavo Petro, Colombia became a leading voice for phasing out fossil fuels. Now, his ally has lost to hard-right Trump favourite Abelardo de la Espriella, who backs more oil and “fracking to the max”. What could the shift mean for Colombia’s climate leadership?

Beyond living standards, economic growth has shaped how societies cope with shocks and distribute gains. As growth weakens, these less visible functions may prove just as consequential as its economic effects.